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A person who studies microorganisms and their effects in laboratories.

Clinical Research Associate: Researching and conducting studies to develop innovative medicinal treatments.

Biotechnologist: Genetic research and the creation of bioproducts.

Quality Control Analyst: Guaranteeing food and medicine product safety and quality.

Environmental Scientist: Focused on pollution prevention and environmental protection.

Academician: An individual who teaches and conducts research in universities and colleges.

Medical microbiologist: Work in hospitals, clinics, and research laboratories; infection diagnosis and vaccine development.

Environmental Microbiologist: Analysing the microorganisms in the natural and artificial environments; bioremediation; ecosystem impacts.

Industrial Microbiologist: Use Microorganisms in Industrial Processes; Biofuels and Fermentation Optimization.

Pharmaceutical Microbiologist: Includes the production of sterile drug formulations, pharmaceutical safety, and efficacy assurance.

Agricultural Microbiologist: Soil and plant microorganism research; agriculture sustainability; and biofertilizer use.

Genetic engineering: production of genetically modified organisms, microbial genome manipulation, and advancements in gene editing.

Ecology and Biodiversity: Environmental microbial community research; ecosystem function; biodiversity conservation.

Space Microbiologist: Research on closed systems, the study of space adaptability, and microbial exploration in extreme environments.

BSc Microbiologist Salary Packages

The salary packages also vary based on factors such as experience, location, and employer.
Salary ranges for BSc Microbiologists are between INR 2.5 to 10 LPA.
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What is the main subject for microbiology?
A Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Microbiology (Hons) is a three-year undergraduate degree program that studies microscopic organisms . The program covers a range of topics, including: Mycology, Industrial microbiology, Biostatistics, Molecular biology, Immunology, Biochemistry, Physiology, and Genetics.

Vast Career Opportunities: Those who are interested in studying microorganisms can seek some great employment opportunities in the fields of Pharmaceutical Industry, Medicine, Clinical Research, Agriculture, Dairy and Food Industry, Water Industry, Nanotechnology, Bioprocess industry, etc.
Scientific Expertise: Graduates in microbiology acquire proficiency in the study of microscopic organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, as well as a solid foundation in the field's fundamentals. This information is extremely useful in many different fields of study and industry.
Research Opportunities: Microbiology presents fascinating avenues for investigation. Graduates can work on cutting-edge research projects, explore novel pathogens, analyze antibiotic resistance, and further medical and biotechnological research.
Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Innovation can flourish in the field of microbiology. Graduates who want to pursue entrepreneurship can launch their biotech businesses or work for startups that are advancing fields like personalized medicine, environmental solutions, and microbial biotechnology
Do we get placement after BSc microbiology?
With this degree, students will be able to unlock a sea full of opportunities. The best part about this degree is that you can get jobs in various industries. From agriculture to healthcare sciences, the candidates with this qualification have multiple career opportunities to explore.
Common Interview Questions for Microbiologists
Interviewers often ask questions to assess your knowledge, problem-solving abilities, and suitability for the role. Be prepared to answer questions about your experience with specific laboratory techniques, your familiarity with relevant regulations and guidelines, and your approach to troubleshooting challenges in research or testing environments.
In your responses, highlight your ability to work independently as well as part of a team. Illustrate your problem-solving skills by discussing past projects or research studies where you encountered challenges and successfully found solutions. Additionally, demonstrate your passion for the field by sharing any ongoing research or relevant publications you may have.
UNIT-I Definition and scope of Microbiology - History of Microbiology. The origin of Microbial life - Theory of spontaneous generation. Pasteurs's Tyndall experiments fermentation studies. Contributions of Leewenhoek, Lister, Robert Koch, Thomas J.Burrill, Sergei N. Winogeadsky, Willen Beijerinck, Emil Christian Hansen, S.A. Wakmann, Alexander flaming, Stanely Iwenewsky - Impact of Microbiology and the future.
UNIT-II Microscopy - simple, compound, dark field, phase contrast, Florescence & Electron microscopy. Staining methods and its principles.
UNIT-III Microbial Evolution and Diversity - Endosymbiotic theory. Binomial nomenclature of Microbes. Classification - Five kindom concept - eight kindom concept (Cavalier Smith).
UNIT-IV Anatomy of prokaryotes - cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cilia flagel
UNIT-IV Anatomy of prokaryotes - cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cilia flagella capsule, cytoplasmic inclusions, sporulation.
UNIT-V Sterilization - methods of sterilization and Disinfection. Antimicrobial chemotherapy - tests for sensitivity to antimicrobial agents.
Text Books: 1. Rajan. S and Selvi Christy (2015). Essentials of Microbiology, Anjanaa Book House Publishers, Chennai.
2. Pelczar Jr. M.J. Chan. E.C.S and Kreig. N.R (2006). "Microbiology"- 5th Edition Mc Graw Hill Inc. New York.
3. Ananthanarayan and Panikers (2013) Textbook Microbiology 9th edition, Universities Press (India) Private Ltd.
4. David, B.D., Delbecco, R., Eisen, H.N and Ginsburg, H.S (1990) "Microbiology" 5th Edition. Harper & Row, New York.
5. Dubey RC and Maheswari DK (2005). A text book of Microbiology, Revised Multicolour edition, S.Chand Publishers, New Delhi.
7. Powar & daginawala (2005). General Microbiology Vol.I & II 8th Edition, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. 6. Purohit SS (2005). Microbiology - Fundamentals and Applications. Student Edition Publishers, Jodhpur.
8. Salle, AJ (2001). Fundamentals & Principles of Bacteriology. 7th edition. Tata McGraw-Hill, Davis,
UNIT-I: Chemistry of Carbohydrates Definition and Classification of carbohydrate.
Monosaccharides - occurrence, structure; physical and chemical properties, linear and ring forms (Haworth formula) for glucose and fructose.
Disaccharides - occurrence, structure; physical and chemical properties of sucrose and lactose. Polysaccharides - occurrence, structure, physical and chemical properties of starch
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9. Delbecco, Eisen & Ginsburg (1990) Microbiology 5th Edition Harper & raw, New York Reference Books: 1. Lansing M. Prescott., John. P. Harley., Donald A, Klein, "Microbiology"-Mc Graw Hill Inc. New York. 2. Robert F.Boyd., "General Microbiology" 2nd Edition, Times MIRROR/Moshy College Publishing Virginia.
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UNIT-II: Chemistry of amino acids Definition and classification of amino acids. Reaction with ninhydrin, common properties of amino acids, amphoteric nature, isoelectric point, isoelectric pH and Zwitter ion.
UNIT-III: Chemistry of Proteins Classification based on solubility, shape and size. Physical properties: salting in and salting out, denaturation, peptide bond. Structure of protein: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. UNIT-IV: Chemistry of Lipid
UNIT-IV: Chemistry of Lipids Definition, classification and functions of lipids. Occurrence, chemistry and biological functions of simple lipids, compound lipids (e.g. phospholipids) and derived lipids: steroids (e.g. cholesterol). Physical property-emulsification. Chemical propertysaponification. Functions of bile acids and bile salts.
UNIT-V: Chemistry of Nucleic acids Definition - nucleoside, nucleotide and polynucleotide. Double helical model of DNA and its biological functions. Structure, types and functions of RNA: tRNA, mRNA and rRNA. Differences between DNA and RNA.
MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY Objective To make the students to understand the physiology of microbes.
UNIT-I Basic concepts of metabolism - Nutritional types of microorganisms uptake of nutrient in to the cell. Transport of nutrients by active and passive ways.
UNIT-II Cultivation of microbes - Bacteria fungi, virus. Culture technique - media preparation. Types of media. Isolation of pure culture - preservation of cultures.
UNIT-III Microbial growth - Growth curve measurement of microbial growth
UNIT-III Microbial growth - Growth curve measurement of microbial growth - Measurement of cell number, measurement of cell mass. Factors affecting growth.
UNIT-IV Control of microbial growth by Antiseptics. Antiparasitic and Antiviral drugs - Antimicrobial resistance.
UNIT-V Basic concepts of metabolism - Mechanism of ATP formation - Substrate phosphorylation. Electron transport, phosphorylation, photophosphorylation. Energy production during oxidation of organic substrate - Amino acid and assimilatory pathway. Bacterial enzymes - coenzymes - isoenzymes - structure, classification and properties.
Text Books: 1. Rajan. S and Selvi Christy (2015). Essentials of Microbiology, Anjanaa Book House Publishers, Chennai.
2. Ananthanarayan and Panikers (2013) Textbook Microbiology 9th edition, Universities Press (India) Private Ltd.
3. Pelczar Jr. M.J. Chan. E.C.S and Kreig. N.R (2006). "Microbiology"- 5th Edition Mc Graw Hill Inc. New York.
CORE PRACTICAL PAPER 1 & 2 Objective: To impart hand on training on basics of microbiology and microbial physiology. 1. Cleaning of glass ware.
2. Sterilization principle and methods-moist heat - dry heat and filtration methods.
3. Media preparation: Liquid media, solid media, Agar deep, Agar slants, Agar plates, Basal, enriched, selective media preparation - quality control of media, growth supporting properties and sterility check of media.
4. Pure culture technique: Streak plate, pour plate, spread plate, decimal dilution.
5. Cultural characteristics of microorganisms: Growth on different media, growth characteristics and description. Demonstration of pigment production and extraction.
6. Microscopy: Light microscopy, bright field microscopy, dar
6. Microscopy: Light microscopy, bright field microscopy, dark field microscopy and phase contrast microscopy.
7. Motility demonstration: Hanging drop preparation, wet mount, dark field microscopy, semisolid agar, Craigies tube method.
8. Staining techniques: Smear preparation, simple staining, Gram's staining, Acid fast staining, staining for metachromatic granules.
9. Morphology of microorganisms: Morphological variations in algae. Morphology of fungi, yeasts, slide culture techniques.
10. Antibiotic sensitivity testing: Disc diffusion test - Quality control with standard strains.
11. Micrometry: Determination of size of Bacteria, yeast. Fungal filaments.
12. Physiological characteristics: IMViC test, MR-VP test, H2S, Oxidase, catalase, urease test, gelatin liquefaction, casein, starch degradation. Carbohydrate fermentation, Maintenance of pure culture, Paraffin method - Stab culture - maintenance of mound culture.
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BIOCHEMISTRY II UNIT-I: Metabolism Glycolysis, TCA cycle and its energetics, HMP shunt pathway. Deamination, transamination reaction, transaminase enzymes, Urea cycle.
UNIT-II: Metabolic Disorders Diabetes mellitus, Glycogen storage diseases, Glycosuria, Ketosis, Jaundice, Phenyl ketonuria, Alkaptonuria. Dehydration: definition, causes, symptom and prevention.
UNIT-III: Enzymes Definition, classification of enzymes with one example. Mechanism of enzyme action - Lock and key mechanism, Induced Fit theory. Michaleis-Menton equation. Enzyme inhibition: competitive, uncompetitive and non competitive. Biological functions o
UNIT-III: Enzymes Definition, classification of enzymes with one example. Mechanism of enzyme action - Lock and key mechanism, Induced Fit theory. Michaleis-Menton equation. Enzyme inhibition: competitive, uncompetitive and non competitive. Biological functions of enzymes.
UNIT-IV: Molecular Biology Central dogma of molecular biology. DNA and RNA act as genetic material. Replication: Definition, types, mode of action of replication, mechanism of replication. General mechanism of transcription and translation. Genetic code.
UNIT-V: Vitamins A brief outline of source, requirement, biological function and deficiency of Vitamins (fat soluble and water soluble vitamins). References: 1. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry-David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox, Macmillan worth Publishers. 2. Harper’s Biochemistry-Robert K. Murray, Daryl K. Grammer, McGraw Hill, and Lange Medical Books. 25th edition. 3. Fundamentals of Biochemistry-J.L. Jain, Sunjay Jain, Nitin Jain, S. Chand & Company. 4. Biochemistry-Dr. Amit Krishna De, S. Chand & Co., Ltd
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PRACTICAL I Volumetric Estimation 1. Estimation of HCl using Na2CO3 as link and NaOH as primary standard.
2. Estimation of Iron in Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate using potassium permanganate as link solution and oxalic acid as primary standard.
3. Estimation of Glucose by Benedict’s method.
4. Estimation of Glycine by formal titration. 5. Estimation of Ascorbic acid.
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IMMUNOLOGY Objective: To make the students to understand the immune system UNIT-I History of Immunology - Immunohaematology. Blood groups - Blood transfusion - Host parasite relationships. Microbial infections.
UNIT-II Structure and function of the cells, tissues and organs of immune system. Types of immunity - Humoral and cell-mediated, innate, acquired immunity. Complement system - function and pathways.
UNIT-III Antigen - types, properties. Hapten, adjuvants, Immunoglobulins: Structure types properties and their function - Theory of antibody production.
UNIT-IV Vaccines and Immunization - Types and their characteristics. Monoclonal Antibody - Hybridoma Technology. Cell mediated immune response - Lymphokines, Cytokines.
UNIT-V Antigen-antibody interaction in vitro Agglutination, complement fixation, Precipitation, ELISA, RIA, Flow cytometry and Fluorescence immunoblotting – Hypersensitivity. Skin tests (In vivo). Text Books: 1. Roitt, I.M (1998) Essential Immunology Blackwell Scientific Publishers. 2. Kuby, J. (1994) Immunology, 2nd edition, W.H. Freeman and Company. New York. 3. Leffel, Donnenberg, A: and rose, W.1997 hand book of human Immunology Boca Raton Fla: C.R.C Press. 4. Ajoy Paul (2016). Text Book of Immunology, Books and Allied (P) Ltd,
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ALLIED - 2 PAPER - 3 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Objective: To make the students to understand the importance of human anatomy. UNIT-I: Respiratory System (RS) and Special Sensory Organs (SSS) Introduction to applied human anatomy and physiology. Respiratory System (RS): Different organs of the Respiratory System. Functions of the different organs of the Respiratory System. Special Sensory Organs (SSS): Introduction to special sensory organs. Function and functions of eye, ear, nose, tongue, and skin.
UNIT-II: Gastro Intestinal (GI) System Gastro Intestinal (GI) System: Different organs associated with the Gastro Intestinal system: (Salivary glands, Pancreas, Liver and Gall bladder and others). UNIT-III: Musculoskeletal System (MSS), Skin and
UNIT-II: Gastro Intestinal (GI) System Gastro Intestinal (GI) System: Different organs associated with the Gastro Intestinal system: (Salivary glands, Pancreas, Liver and Gall bladder and others).
UNIT-III: Musculoskeletal System (MSS), Skin and Nervous System (NS) Musculoskeletal System (MSS) and Skin: Introduction of musculo-skeleton system. Different parts of involved in skeleton system. Function of skeleton. Parts and function of skin. Nervous System (NS): Introduction to nervous system. Different organs and function of central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system PNS and related to infection
UNIT-IV: Circulatory System (CS) and Endocrine System (ES)
UNIT-IV: Circulatory System (CS) and Endocrine System (ES) Circulatory System (CS): Blood: Site of formation, composition, functions of blood cells, Different parts of the circulatory system and its function. Endocrine System (ES): Introduction to endocrine system.
UNIT-V: Reproductive System (RS) and Urinary System (US) Reproductive System (RS): Introduction Male reproductive system – physiological anatomy, spermatogenesis and its regulation, testicular hormones, composition of semen Female reproductive system – menstrual cycle, pregnancy and parturition, lactation and family planning. Urinary System (US): Different organs and Functions of Urinary System. Mechanism of urine formation and composition of urine.
Text books: 1. Sampath Madhyastha, (2016) Manipal Manual of Anatomy, 3rd Edition, CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd. Chennai. 2. Chandar Sbekar, C.N. (2006). Manipal Manual of Physiology, CBS Publishers and distributors Pvt Ltd., Chennai. 3. Chaurasia, B.D, (2005) Handbook of Human anatomy 3rd Edition, CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd. Chennai. 4. Human physiology, 2nd edition- BJ Mejer,
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HEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING
UNIT-I Blood: Definition, Characters, Composition. Collection of Blood - Capillary Blood: from Adults / Infants, Examinations employed. Advantages/Disadvantages - venous blood: from Adults / Infants, Examinations employed Advantages/Disadvantage. Anticoagulants: Definition - Type: Wintrobes /EDTA /Heparin /Citrate, Concentration, Examinations, Advantages /Disadvantage.
UNIT-II Counting of Blood Cells: Neubaeur counting chamber - Total RBC count : diluting fluids , Macro dilution / Micro dilution technique , Falsely Law and High Counts , Normal values - Total WBC count : diluting fluids , Macro dilution / Micro dilution technique , Falsely Law and High Counts , Normal values - correction for TWBC - Absolute Eosinophil count - Differential Leucocyte count: Granulocyte / Agranulocytes, Morphology / Function, Staining Technique - Platelet Count : Morphological
characters / Functions , Direct /Indirect method - Reticulocyte count, Dry/ Wet smear technique. Haemoglobin: Composition/Normal Values: Determinations: Tallqvist/Acid Haematin /Alkaline Haemat

Morphological characters / Functions , Direct /Indirect method - Reticulocyte count, Dry/ Wet smear technique. Haemoglobin: Composition/Normal Values: Determinations: Tallqvist/Acid Haematin /Alkaline Haematin, Haldane's Carboxy/Drabkins /Dare, Spencers/Specific gravity/ Gasometric, Chemical.

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UNIT-III Coagulation Mechanism: Factors: Bleeding time, Clotting time. Halmotological indices:- Packed cell volume : Wintrobes / Micro HCT method - Mean corpuscular Volume - Mean corpuscular haemoglobin - Mean Corpuscular haemoglobin concentration - Volume index- volume thickness index - Mean corpuscular diameter - saturation index. Erythrocyte sedimentation etc, Principle-Determination: introbes / Westegren Method - advantages / disadvantages - Factors influencing.
UNIT-IV Preparations of stains and staining techniques: Wright stain - Leishmans stain - Gienisa's stain -Jaswanth singh and Bhattarcharji stain - Fields stain - Peroxidase stain: Examination of Blood smear:-Peripheral smear report: Size/colour/shapes/inclusions -Blood parasites: Malarial parasite/Microfilaria.
UNIT-V ABO Grouping: History/Discovery - slide / Tube technique - Rh. Typing: Slide / Tube technique, Bovine replacement technique - Coombs test: Direct /Indirect - Donor screening - Cross matching: Major / Minor - Collection Of blood
UNIT-V ABO Grouping: History/Discovery - slide / Tube technique - Rh. Typing: Slide / Tube technique, Bovine replacement technique - Coombs test: Direct /Indirect - Donor screening - Cross matching: Major / Minor - Collection Of blood / preservation /storage.
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UNIT-V ABO Grouping: History/Discovery - slide / Tube technique - Rh. Typing: Slide / Tube technique, Bovine replacement technique - Coombs test: Direct /Indirect - Donor screening - Cross matching: Major / Minor - Collection Of blood / preservation /storage.
Programming in C (Basic) Introduction, simple programs, Decision is making and looping, functions, structures, input and output filing system. UNIT-IV Basic of WEB Design using HTML: Basic HTML, text styles, list and special characters, adding pointers and links, adding pictures, backgrounds and music, tables and frames. UNIT-V Computers in Taxonomy and Systemic Data Analysis in Microbiology. Computers in clinical microbiology - Computer applications in fermentation - Technology Computers in Drug - Designing using various software’s in Drug designing.
Text Books: 1. Dave Taylor 1995 HTML. Tata McGraw - Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi 2. Paul McFedries 1997. Microsoft office 97 sams publishing techmedia, New Delhi. 3. Rajagopalan 1987. Understanding Computers Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi. 4. Sharon Crawford 1998. Windows 98 No Experience Required. BPB publications, New Delhi. 5. Yashwant Canetrar 1980. Let us C. BPP Publishers, New Delhi.
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MICROBIAL GENETICS Objective: To make the students to understand the genetics of microbes.
UNIT-I Genetics - Historical Introduction - Discovery of DNA structure and organization of DNA and RNA - DNA and RNA as genetic material - Genetic code.
UNIT-II Organization & functioning of prokaryotic genome plasmids - Structure and types - Replication of DNA.
UNIT-III Gene transfer mechanism - transformation, transduction, Conjugation.
UNIT-IV Oncogenes and cancer - Mutation - its types, transforming viruses carrying oncogenes - Retroviral oncogenes - Immortalization & transformation. UNIT-V RNA and Protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Operon concept - Lac & Try Operon. Mutagenesis - Mutation - Mutants - Types of mutants - DNA repair mechanism. Text Books: 1. Lodish, H. Baltimore Daerk . A. Zipsury, S.L. Marsudaisa. P. Darnel. J. (1995) Molecular cell biology. 2. Gardner- Simon snustad Principles of genetics, 8th Edition. John Wiley & sons.
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BSc Microbiologist Salary Packages

Common Interview Questions for Microbiologists

CAREER IN MICROBIOLOGY 1

BSc Microbiologist Salary Packages