- Vast Career Opportunities: Those who are interested in studying microorganisms can seek some great employment opportunities in the fields of Pharmaceutical Industry, Medicine, Clinical Research, Agriculture, Dairy and Food Industry, Water Industry, Nanotechnology, Bioprocess industry, etc.
- Scientific Expertise: Graduates in microbiology acquire proficiency in the study of microscopic organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, as well as a solid foundation in the field's fundamentals. This information is extremely useful in many different fields of study and industry.
- Research Opportunities: Microbiology presents fascinating avenues for investigation. Graduates can work on cutting-edge research projects, explore novel pathogens, analyze antibiotic resistance, and further medical and biotechnological research.
- Entrepreneurship and Innovation: Innovation can flourish in the field of microbiology. Graduates who want to pursue entrepreneurship can launch their biotech businesses or work for startups that are advancing fields like personalized medicine, environmental solutions, and microbial biotechnology
Do we get placement after BSc microbiology?
With this degree, students will be able to unlock a sea full of opportunities. The best part about this degree is that you can get jobs in various industries. From agriculture to healthcare sciences, the candidates with this qualification have multiple career opportunities to explore.
Common Interview Questions for Microbiologists
Interviewers often ask questions to assess your knowledge, problem-solving abilities, and suitability for the role. Be prepared to answer questions about your experience with specific laboratory techniques, your familiarity with relevant regulations and guidelines, and your approach to troubleshooting challenges in research or testing environments.
In your responses, highlight your ability to work independently as well as part of a team. Illustrate your problem-solving skills by discussing past projects or research studies where you encountered challenges and successfully found solutions. Additionally, demonstrate your passion for the field by sharing any ongoing research or relevant publications you may have.
UNIT-I
Definition and scope of Microbiology - History of Microbiology. The origin
of Microbial life - Theory of spontaneous generation. Pasteurs's Tyndall experiments
fermentation studies. Contributions of Leewenhoek, Lister, Robert Koch, Thomas
J.Burrill, Sergei N. Winogeadsky, Willen Beijerinck, Emil Christian Hansen, S.A.
Wakmann, Alexander flaming, Stanely Iwenewsky - Impact of Microbiology and the
future.
UNIT-II
Microscopy - simple, compound, dark field, phase contrast, Florescence &
Electron microscopy. Staining methods and its principles.
UNIT-III
Microbial Evolution and Diversity - Endosymbiotic theory. Binomial
nomenclature of Microbes. Classification - Five kindom concept - eight kindom
concept (Cavalier Smith).
UNIT-IV
Anatomy of prokaryotes - cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cilia flagel
UNIT-IV
Anatomy of prokaryotes - cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cilia flagella
capsule, cytoplasmic inclusions, sporulation.
UNIT-V
Sterilization - methods of sterilization and Disinfection. Antimicrobial
chemotherapy - tests for sensitivity to antimicrobial agents.
Text Books:
1. Rajan. S and Selvi Christy (2015). Essentials of Microbiology, Anjanaa Book
House Publishers, Chennai.
2. Pelczar Jr. M.J. Chan. E.C.S and Kreig. N.R (2006). "Microbiology"- 5th
Edition Mc Graw Hill Inc. New York.
3. Ananthanarayan and Panikers (2013) Textbook Microbiology 9th edition,
Universities Press (India) Private Ltd.
4. David, B.D., Delbecco, R., Eisen, H.N and Ginsburg, H.S (1990)
"Microbiology" 5th Edition. Harper & Row, New York.
5. Dubey RC and Maheswari DK (2005). A text book of Microbiology, Revised
Multicolour edition, S.Chand Publishers, New Delhi.
7. Powar & daginawala (2005). General Microbiology Vol.I & II 8th Edition,
Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. 6. Purohit SS (2005). Microbiology - Fundamentals and Applications. Student
Edition Publishers, Jodhpur.
8. Salle, AJ (2001). Fundamentals & Principles of Bacteriology. 7th edition. Tata
McGraw-Hill, Davis,
UNIT-I: Chemistry of Carbohydrates
Definition and Classification of carbohydrate.
Monosaccharides - occurrence,
structure; physical and chemical properties, linear and ring forms (Haworth formula)
for glucose and fructose.
Disaccharides - occurrence, structure; physical and chemical
properties of sucrose and lactose. Polysaccharides - occurrence, structure, physical
and chemical properties of starch
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9. Delbecco, Eisen & Ginsburg (1990) Microbiology 5th Edition Harper & raw,
New York
Reference Books:
1. Lansing M. Prescott., John. P. Harley., Donald A, Klein, "Microbiology"-Mc
Graw Hill Inc. New York.
2. Robert F.Boyd., "General Microbiology" 2nd Edition, Times MIRROR/Moshy
College Publishing Virginia.
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UNIT-II: Chemistry of amino acids
Definition and classification of amino acids. Reaction with ninhydrin, common
properties of amino acids, amphoteric nature, isoelectric point, isoelectric pH and
Zwitter ion.
UNIT-III: Chemistry of Proteins
Classification based on solubility, shape and size. Physical properties: salting in and
salting out, denaturation, peptide bond. Structure of protein: primary, secondary,
tertiary and quaternary structure.
UNIT-IV: Chemistry of Lipid
UNIT-IV: Chemistry of Lipids
Definition, classification and functions of lipids. Occurrence, chemistry and biological
functions of simple lipids, compound lipids (e.g. phospholipids) and derived lipids:
steroids (e.g. cholesterol). Physical property-emulsification. Chemical propertysaponification. Functions of bile acids and bile salts.
UNIT-V: Chemistry of Nucleic acids
Definition - nucleoside, nucleotide and polynucleotide. Double helical model of DNA
and its biological functions. Structure, types and functions of RNA: tRNA, mRNA
and rRNA. Differences between DNA and RNA.
MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY
Objective
To make the students to understand the physiology of microbes.
UNIT-I
Basic concepts of metabolism - Nutritional types of microorganisms uptake of
nutrient in to the cell. Transport of nutrients by active and passive ways.
UNIT-II
Cultivation of microbes - Bacteria fungi, virus. Culture technique - media preparation.
Types of media. Isolation of pure culture - preservation of cultures.
UNIT-III
Microbial growth - Growth curve measurement of microbial growth
UNIT-III
Microbial growth - Growth curve measurement of microbial growth - Measurement of
cell number, measurement of cell mass. Factors affecting growth.
UNIT-IV
Control of microbial growth by Antiseptics. Antiparasitic and Antiviral drugs -
Antimicrobial resistance.
UNIT-V
Basic concepts of metabolism - Mechanism of ATP formation - Substrate
phosphorylation. Electron transport, phosphorylation, photophosphorylation. Energy
production during oxidation of organic substrate - Amino acid and assimilatory
pathway. Bacterial enzymes - coenzymes - isoenzymes - structure, classification and
properties.
Text Books:
1. Rajan. S and Selvi Christy (2015). Essentials of Microbiology, Anjanaa Book
House Publishers, Chennai.
2. Ananthanarayan and Panikers (2013) Textbook Microbiology 9th edition,
Universities Press (India) Private Ltd.
3. Pelczar Jr. M.J. Chan. E.C.S and Kreig. N.R (2006). "Microbiology"- 5th Edition
Mc Graw Hill Inc. New York.
CORE PRACTICAL
PAPER 1 & 2
Objective:
To impart hand on training on basics of microbiology and microbial physiology.
1. Cleaning of glass ware.
2. Sterilization principle and methods-moist heat - dry heat and filtration methods.
3. Media preparation: Liquid media, solid media, Agar deep, Agar slants, Agar plates,
Basal, enriched, selective media preparation - quality control of media, growth
supporting properties and sterility check of media.
4. Pure culture technique: Streak plate, pour plate, spread plate, decimal dilution.
5. Cultural characteristics of microorganisms: Growth on different media, growth
characteristics and description. Demonstration of pigment production and extraction.
6. Microscopy: Light microscopy, bright field microscopy, dar
6. Microscopy: Light microscopy, bright field microscopy, dark field microscopy and
phase contrast microscopy.
7. Motility demonstration: Hanging drop preparation, wet mount, dark field
microscopy, semisolid agar, Craigies tube method.
8. Staining techniques: Smear preparation, simple staining, Gram's staining, Acid fast
staining, staining for metachromatic granules.
9. Morphology of microorganisms: Morphological variations in algae. Morphology of
fungi, yeasts, slide culture techniques.
10. Antibiotic sensitivity testing: Disc diffusion test - Quality control with standard
strains.
11. Micrometry: Determination of size of Bacteria, yeast. Fungal filaments.
12. Physiological characteristics: IMViC test, MR-VP test, H2S, Oxidase, catalase,
urease test, gelatin liquefaction, casein, starch degradation. Carbohydrate
fermentation, Maintenance of pure culture, Paraffin method - Stab culture -
maintenance of mound culture.
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BIOCHEMISTRY II
UNIT-I: Metabolism
Glycolysis, TCA cycle and its energetics, HMP shunt pathway. Deamination,
transamination reaction, transaminase enzymes, Urea cycle.
UNIT-II: Metabolic Disorders
Diabetes mellitus, Glycogen storage diseases, Glycosuria, Ketosis, Jaundice, Phenyl
ketonuria, Alkaptonuria. Dehydration: definition, causes, symptom and prevention.
UNIT-III: Enzymes
Definition, classification of enzymes with one example. Mechanism of enzyme action
- Lock and key mechanism, Induced Fit theory. Michaleis-Menton equation. Enzyme
inhibition: competitive, uncompetitive and non competitive. Biological functions o
UNIT-III: Enzymes
Definition, classification of enzymes with one example. Mechanism of enzyme action
- Lock and key mechanism, Induced Fit theory. Michaleis-Menton equation. Enzyme
inhibition: competitive, uncompetitive and non competitive. Biological functions of
enzymes.
UNIT-IV: Molecular Biology
Central dogma of molecular biology. DNA and RNA act as genetic material.
Replication: Definition, types, mode of action of replication, mechanism of
replication. General mechanism of transcription and translation. Genetic code.
UNIT-V: Vitamins
A brief outline of source, requirement, biological function and deficiency of Vitamins
(fat soluble and water soluble vitamins).
References:
1. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry-David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox,
Macmillan worth Publishers.
2. Harper’s Biochemistry-Robert K. Murray, Daryl K. Grammer, McGraw Hill, and
Lange Medical Books. 25th edition.
3. Fundamentals of Biochemistry-J.L. Jain, Sunjay Jain, Nitin Jain, S. Chand &
Company.
4. Biochemistry-Dr. Amit Krishna De, S. Chand & Co., Ltd
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PRACTICAL I
Volumetric Estimation
1. Estimation of HCl using Na2CO3 as link and NaOH as primary standard.
2. Estimation of Iron in Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate using potassium permanganate
as link solution and oxalic acid as primary standard.
3. Estimation of Glucose by Benedict’s method.
4. Estimation of Glycine by formal titration.
5. Estimation of Ascorbic acid.
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IMMUNOLOGY
Objective:
To make the students to understand the immune system
UNIT-I
History of Immunology - Immunohaematology. Blood groups - Blood
transfusion - Host parasite relationships. Microbial infections.
UNIT-II
Structure and function of the cells, tissues and organs of immune system.
Types of immunity - Humoral and cell-mediated, innate, acquired immunity.
Complement system - function and pathways.
UNIT-III
Antigen - types, properties. Hapten, adjuvants, Immunoglobulins: Structure
types properties and their function - Theory of antibody production.
UNIT-IV
Vaccines and Immunization - Types and their characteristics. Monoclonal
Antibody - Hybridoma Technology. Cell mediated immune response - Lymphokines,
Cytokines.
UNIT-V
Antigen-antibody interaction in vitro Agglutination, complement fixation,
Precipitation, ELISA, RIA, Flow cytometry and Fluorescence immunoblotting –
Hypersensitivity. Skin tests (In vivo).
Text Books:
1. Roitt, I.M (1998) Essential Immunology Blackwell Scientific Publishers.
2. Kuby, J. (1994) Immunology, 2nd edition, W.H. Freeman and Company. New
York.
3. Leffel, Donnenberg, A: and rose, W.1997 hand book of human Immunology
Boca Raton Fla: C.R.C Press.
4. Ajoy Paul (2016). Text Book of Immunology, Books and Allied (P) Ltd,
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ALLIED - 2
PAPER - 3
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Objective: To make the students to understand the importance of human anatomy.
UNIT-I: Respiratory System (RS) and Special Sensory Organs (SSS)
Introduction to applied human anatomy and physiology.
Respiratory System (RS): Different organs of the Respiratory System. Functions of
the different organs of the Respiratory System.
Special Sensory Organs (SSS): Introduction to special sensory organs. Function
and functions of eye, ear, nose, tongue, and skin.
UNIT-II: Gastro Intestinal (GI) System
Gastro Intestinal (GI) System: Different organs associated with the Gastro Intestinal
system: (Salivary glands, Pancreas, Liver and Gall bladder and others).
UNIT-III: Musculoskeletal System (MSS), Skin and
UNIT-II: Gastro Intestinal (GI) System
Gastro Intestinal (GI) System: Different organs associated with the Gastro Intestinal
system: (Salivary glands, Pancreas, Liver and Gall bladder and others).
UNIT-III: Musculoskeletal System (MSS), Skin and Nervous System (NS)
Musculoskeletal System (MSS) and Skin: Introduction of musculo-skeleton system.
Different parts of involved in skeleton system. Function of skeleton. Parts and
function of skin.
Nervous System (NS): Introduction to nervous system. Different organs and function
of central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system PNS and related to
infection
UNIT-IV: Circulatory System (CS) and Endocrine System (ES)
UNIT-IV: Circulatory System (CS) and Endocrine System (ES)
Circulatory System (CS): Blood: Site of formation, composition, functions of blood
cells, Different parts of the circulatory system and its function.
Endocrine System (ES): Introduction to endocrine system.
UNIT-V: Reproductive System (RS) and Urinary System (US)
Reproductive System (RS): Introduction Male reproductive system – physiological
anatomy, spermatogenesis and its regulation, testicular hormones, composition of
semen Female reproductive system – menstrual cycle, pregnancy and parturition,
lactation and family planning.
Urinary System (US): Different organs and Functions of Urinary System.
Mechanism of urine formation and composition of urine.
Text books:
1. Sampath Madhyastha, (2016) Manipal Manual of Anatomy, 3rd Edition, CBS
Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd. Chennai.
2. Chandar Sbekar, C.N. (2006). Manipal Manual of Physiology, CBS Publishers
and distributors Pvt Ltd., Chennai.
3. Chaurasia, B.D, (2005) Handbook of Human anatomy 3rd Edition, CBS
Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd. Chennai.
4. Human physiology, 2nd edition- BJ Mejer,
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HEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING
UNIT-I
Blood: Definition, Characters, Composition. Collection of Blood - Capillary Blood:
from Adults / Infants, Examinations employed. Advantages/Disadvantages - venous
blood: from Adults / Infants, Examinations employed Advantages/Disadvantage.
Anticoagulants: Definition - Type: Wintrobes /EDTA /Heparin /Citrate,
Concentration, Examinations, Advantages /Disadvantage.
UNIT-II
Counting of Blood Cells: Neubaeur counting chamber - Total RBC count : diluting
fluids , Macro dilution / Micro dilution technique , Falsely Law and High Counts ,
Normal values - Total WBC count : diluting fluids , Macro dilution / Micro dilution
technique , Falsely Law and High Counts , Normal values - correction for TWBC -
Absolute Eosinophil count - Differential Leucocyte count: Granulocyte /
Agranulocytes, Morphology / Function, Staining Technique - Platelet Count :
Morphological
characters / Functions , Direct /Indirect method - Reticulocyte count,
Dry/ Wet smear technique. Haemoglobin: Composition/Normal Values:
Determinations: Tallqvist/Acid Haematin /Alkaline Haemat
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